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Harriet Martineau's first and last articles on American society concerned the Salem Massachusetts witch hunts, trials and executions of 1692. She shared the Victorian fascination with psychological phenomena, especially perception and the power of suggestion, and the sociological aspects of community reactions to ‘fitful’ and erratic behavior. Martineau insisted that accusations of witchcraft and the responses to them required objective scientific study. Her accounts of events in Salem are used to examine the role of the clergy and organized religion in the community, citizens’ vulnerability to accusation, anxiety about colonial life in early America, and panic and mob action. Martineau explores the universal implications of the case.

In a relatively new and interesting study, a new theory was offered to explain events surrounding the Salem witch trials of 1692. According to the author of that study (Carlson), the behavior of the accusers can be explained by an outbreak of encephalitis. The purpose of this paper is to offer evidence that contradicts that hypothesis.

To these ends, this paper examines life expectancy data from the Wigglesworth 1789 life expectancy tables to reject the Carlson thesis. The current study also provides a graphical exposition of the Salem witch trials as a demand‐pull phenomenon.

According to the data, the age at‐death minus the Wigglesworth life expectancy of 28.15 years for the witch trials accusers averages between 26.4 years, a figure that is statistically significant. This result contradicts Carlson's view that the accusers encountered encephalitis. Finally, the stylized graphical model presented here provides an additional way of viewing the witchcraft episode in 1692 Salem as a demand‐pull phenomenon. Originality/value In refuting previous hypotheses about witchcraft episodes, and by offering a graphical model of witchcraft hysteria as a demand‐pull phenomenon, this study re‐focuses attention on the ethico‐economic aspects of the Salem witchcraft episode.

World folklore and history are replete with examples that involve economics principles. The present note builds upon other published work by providing an empirical public choice analysis of the Salem witch trials of 1692. Our analysis suggests that the pattern of accusations during this episode was non‐random, and works to support the public choice argument that Reverend Parris and the other ministers used the witchcraft hysteria as a “crusade” against residents of east Salem village because they supported – against the wishes of Parris and the west Salem villagers – economic and political alignment with the neighboring Salem town.

This study aims to examine the impact of corporate governance (CG) on anti-corruption disclosure (A-CD), paying particular attention to the FTSE 100. Notably, it examines how board and audit committees’ characteristics affect the quantity and quality of anti-corruption disclosure.

Data from FTSE 100 firms, spanning the period from 2014 to 2020, were analysed using the regression of the Poisson fixed effect and GEE analyses.

The findings show that gender diversity, audit committee expertise and the independence of the audit committee are positively associated with both quantity and quality of anti-corruption disclosure. Notably, no statistically significant relationships were identified between anti-corruption disclosure and factors such as board size, role duality or board meetings.

The findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers and regulatory bodies, shedding light on the elements that compel UK companies to enhance their anti-corruption disclosure and governance protocols to alleviate corruption and propel efforts towards ethical behaviour.

This study makes a notable contribution to the sparse body of evidence by examining the influence of board and audit committee attributes on anti-corruption disclosure subsequent to the implementation of the UK Bribery Act in 2010. Specifically, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study assesses for the first time the impact of board and audit committee mechanisms on both the quantity and quality of anti-corruption disclosure.

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the elements, developmental stages, and operational steps of an open‐air drug market intervention employed in two North Carolina communities in an effort to produce a model that can be duplicated by other law enforcement agencies.

A systematic and practitioner‐informed analysis of the steps and stages of the initiative is presented here. Law enforcement partners at the command and operational levels collectively contributed their voices to the synthesis of this model. Through purposive sampling, 13 key law enforcement stakeholders from the two police departments in North Carolina participated in semi‐structured interviews conducted by a member of the research team. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed to extract participants' perceptions and recommendations regarding the intervention.

Based on analyses of the interviews, the street‐drug elimination strategy has been synthesized into several major steps. This paper elucidates the elements, developmental stages, and operational steps of the intervention.

This paper underscores important ingredients of the intervention and presents a model for other police departments to implement. Further examination of the strategy is necessary including research on improving the intervention, clarifying the factors that moderate the strategy's effectiveness, explicating the roles and perceptions of non‐law enforcement partners and examining the continued impact of the initiative.

The paper illustrates that this intervention has shown promise in reducing drug and violent crime associated with open‐air drug markets and the research is of value to other police agencies that desire to implement this intervention.

This study examines how chatbots could improve the client experience in the banking sector. Due to their quick and effective customer service, chatbots are becoming more and more popular, but it is still unknown whether they can improve the customer experience. In order to gather data from a simple random sample of Palestinian banking clients in the Gaza Strip, a survey was conducted utilizing the explanatory technique. To test hypotheses, data collected from 337 individuals was evaluated using simple regression analysis. According to the results, chatbots may enhance the customer experience by offering 24/7 availability, prompt support, and customized replies. However, issues with data privacy, lack of human interaction, and chatbot accuracy were also noted. The study comes to the conclusion that chatbots may be an effective tool for increasing customer experience in the banking sector, but their design, deployment, and interaction with current customer service channels must be carefully considered. This study significantly adds to the body of knowledge on chatbots and their potential influence on customer experience. The study offers useful insights into the particular difficulties and potential of employing chatbots in a highly regulated and customer-focused industry by concentrating exclusively on the banking sector. The results show that chatbot implementation in banking needs to be approached thoughtfully and strategically to maximize their potential for improving customer experience while limiting any possible downsides.

This case focusses on management and customer service issues at a historic hotel, the Hawthorne, in Salem, Massachusetts. By 1999, when Juli Lederhaus was hired as the new general manager, the Hawthorne had a reputation of being well past its prime and customers were dissatisfied with the quality of service and outdated physical facilities. This case describes the actions she took, up to 2012, to improve service. The case ends with Lederhaus contemplating whether more changes are needed given that she had just heard a rumor that a company was considering building a new hotel just a few blocks away. The case gives students the opportunity to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Hotel in relation to customer service, and propose recommendations for future improvements.

A qualitative, interview based, methodology was used. The researchers held numerous, face-to-face interviews with the owner and employees of various ranks. Information was also gathered from archival data and traveler review sites such as TripAdvisor.com and Yelp.com.

The case is targeted to undergraduate business and hospitality students at a sophomore or junior level. Classes in which this case could be used include: Organizational Behavior, Human Resource Management, and Hospitality Management.

Benchmarking takes three distinct forms in the public sector, each serving a different purpose. When applied properly and with care, benchmarking is a performance improvement technique that can yield tangible results, as demonstrated by the North Carolina cities of Greensboro, Wilmington, and Winston-Salem.

This study aims to examine perceptions in Kuwait about women’s leadership in management.

This study includes a review of data on the gender gap across Middle East/North Africa (MENA) countries, comparison with selected Asian and Western countries and summaries of multiple small surveys in Kuwait on women in management. The surveys were all convenience samples ranging from 100-500, targeting middle-class respondents.

The MENA is behind most of the world in closing the gender gap, but progress among Gulf Cooperation Council countries has been fairly rapid. Many Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) indicators are comparable to other non-Western cultural areas. Multiple surveys in Kuwait show fairly widespread acceptance of women in leadership positions. Respondents feel that characteristics of women vs men managers are different, but strengths and weaknesses by gender balance out, so that men and women perform about the same. Traditional Kuwaiti culture seems conducive to women in management, but some specific cultural barriers remain. In particular, the diwaniyya, social gatherings to network and discuss current affairs, and wasta, connections, are dominated by men in modern Kuwaiti society. These are essentially social capital issues.

Fostering continued progress for women in management requires recognition of the actual social and cultural situation; simply arguing that Kuwait should be more Western in how it does things does not seem very useful.

Research on women in management in MENA is not very extensive, but is important for understanding how to facilitate opportunities for women. In Kuwait, there seems to be general acceptance that women can be leaders in managerial positions, and little overt discrimination. However, lack of access to traditional social capital networks puts women at a disadvantage. Research needs to focus on this issue to help develop ways to overcome this subtle obstacle to further progress.

Since columns are critical structural elements, they shall withstand hazards without any considerable damage. In the case of a fire, although concrete has low thermal conductivity compared to other construction materials, its properties are changed at elevated temperatures. Most critically, the residual compressive strengths of reinforced concrete columns are significantly reduced after fire exposure. Validation of the worthiness of rehabilitating concrete structures after fire exposure is highly dependent on accurately determining the residual strengths of fire-damaged essential structural elements such as columns.

In this study, eight reinforced-concrete columns (200 × 200 × 1,500 mm) that were experimentally examined in a prior related study have been numerically modelled using ABAQUS software to investigate their residual compressive strengths after exposure to different durations of standard fire (i.e. one and two hours) while subjected to different applied load ratios (i.e. 20 and 40% of the compressive resistance of the column). Outcomes of the numerical simulations were verified against the prior study's experimental results.

In a subsequent phase, the results of a parametric study that has been completed as part of the current study to investigate the effects of the applied load ratios show that the application of axial load up to 80% of the compressive resistance of the column did not considerably influence the residual compressive strength of the shorter columns (i.e. 1,500 and 2,000-mm high). However, increasing the height of the column to 2,500 or 3,000 mm considerably reduced the residual compressive strength when the load ratio applied on the columns exceeded 60 and 40%, respectively. Also, when the different columns were simulated under two-hour standard fire exposure, the dominant failure was buckling rather than concrete crushing which was the typical failure mode in most columns.

The outcomes of the numerical study presented in this paper reflect the residual compressive strength of RC columns subjected to various applied load ratios and standard fire durations. Also, the parametric study conducted as part of this research on the effects of higher load ratios and greater column heights on the residual compressive strength of the fire-damaged columns is practical and efficient. The developed computer models can be beneficial to assist engineers in assessing the validity of rehabilitating concrete structures after being exposed to fire.