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Timofey Agarin <Email: t.agarin@ecmi.de> is a Research Fellow at the European Centre for Minority Issues in Flensburg, Germany. His work focuses on central-eastern European states and their relations with national and transnational nongovernmental organizations. His research interests include cooperation between civil society groups and the government across the postsocialist states in the context of global environmental change.

Among the various factors influencing tourists to visit an overseas country is that of promotion/marketing activity by tourism operators and government tourist commissions in the destination country. The effects of tourism promotion have not previously been subjected to rigorous economic analysis however. The paper firstly shows how the standard economic justifications for government support of industry in circumstances of market failure, ie externalities/non appropriability of benefits, risk and uncertainty and indivisibilities, can be employed in the context of overseas tourism promotion to present a prima facie case for government support. It then provides an analysis of the benefits and costs of tourism promotion which is applicable to all countries. A model of tourism demand and supply is presented which enables consideration of the effects of tourism promotion in an economy with no distortions and an economy with distortions. The final section addresses issues in evaluating promotion and attempts to assess circumstances in which tourism promotion generates positive net benefits to an economy. Although the data apply to Australia, the results are generalizable. The framework of assessment can be used to assess the benefits and costs of tourism promotion in both developed and lesser developed countries.

This chapter explores the issues in estimating the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the tourism industry and related activities in Australia. A production-based approach is employed and its rationale is explained. The scope of tourism consists of the economic activities of tourism-characteristic and tourism-connected sectors as defined in the Australian Tourism Satellite Account (TSA). The GHG emissions have been estimated for 2003–04, the latest year for which detailed industry GHG emissions data are available in a form suitable for this type of estimate. Tourism's GHG emissions are compared with other industries in the Australian economy. The policy implications of the results are discussed. It should be possible to adopt a broadly similar method for any destination with a TSA, enabling tourism stakeholders to play an informed role in assessing appropriate climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies for their destination.

Since it is necessary to give up real resources, goods and services to provide for the demands of tourists, the net benefits to an economy from tourism growth are typically substantially lower than gross tourism expenditure. Recognizing this, tourism researchers are paying increased attention to the concept of yield so as to inform benefit cost analysis, government policy, marketing strategies and investment decisions in the context of tourism development. First, defines the concept of yield and discusses some problems in its measurement; identifies distortions to the competitive tourism market and the implications for tourism yield; and also explores the relationship between yield and tourism expenditure as an indicator of yield. Concludes that the yield from tourism goes beyond visitor expenditure and should take account of a wide range of economic, environmental and social costs and benefits of tourism development.

This paper responds to the need for more investigation into the "conceptual underpinnings of sponsorships" (Gardner & Shuman, 1988, p.44) by investigating the spectrum of opportunities that are available to small firms - whether as sports donors or as bona fide sponsors - through the prism of small business Stages of Development theory. A multiple case study approach is employed to explore the nature of sponsorship activities being undertaken by small enterprises and to contribute to the advancement of the authors' 'philanthropy-sponsorship' continuum.

This research makes two contributions. First, it presents the classifications of 'patronage' versus 'semistrong sponsorship' versus 'fully functioning sponsorship' relationships, based on the nature of the expected benefits. Second, it evaluates the small business/sports property interface from the perspective of small business phases of development and proposes a framework for linking the small firm to sports sponsorship outcomes.