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There has been considerable discussion about the utilization of social media effectively in tourist research. Still, there is a paucity of information about its usage for ecotourism destination selection. The study aims to determine critical factors influencing travelers' behavioral and electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) intentions to use Instagram reels to select an ecotourism destination.

This study is based on the motivated consumer innovativeness theory and technology acceptance model. Purposive sampling was applied to acquire data from Instagram users. Data were gathered from 445 respondents and 415 valid responses were analyzed using partial least square structural equational modeling.

The findings of the study confirmed the positive impact of perceived ease of use, socially motivated consumer innovativeness and hedonically motivated consumer innovativeness on travelers' attitude except for perceived usefulness. The outcomes also revealed a significant influence of travelers' attitude on behavioral and e-WOM intention.

The study's findings were intended to offer insights into traveler behavior to critical players in the tourism sector, including destination marketers, travel companies, the government and policymakers. They must comprehend how useful Instagram is for the tourist industry, which will help them better understand how to attract travelers through Instagram reels to market their destination.

The current investigation is the first attempt to investigate the travelers' behavioral and e-WOM intentions to use Instagram reels to select an ecotourism destination.

This study evaluates gratitude's role in developing nonviolent work behaviour. It also examines the mediating effect of constructive deviance in the relationship between gratitude and nonviolent work behaviour.

The study is based on responses from 424 working professionals engaged in different Indian industries: banks, insurance, IT, manufacturing, hotel and software. The respondents were approached both physically and electronically using convenience sampling. Also, the data were collected in three phases four months apart, utilizing the benefits of a repeated cross-sectional research design. Structural equation modelling examines the relationship between gratitude and nonviolent work behaviour. Model fit indices are also assessed for two models (without a mediator and with a mediator). Total, direct and indirect effects are calculated using AMOS 21 to study the mediating effect of constructive deviance.

Findings reveal that all three dimensions of gratitude (lack of sense of deprivation, simple appreciation and appreciation for others) are positively associated with nonviolent work behaviour. The results also confirm the mediating effect of constructive deviance.

This is one of the pioneer studies exploring gratitude's role in ensuring nonviolent work behaviour.

The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the short form of personal optimism and self-efficacy optimism-extended (POSO-E) among Indian teachers.

Two studies were conducted to adjudge the reliability and validity of the scale. In the first study, the sample of 510 respondents was randomly divided into subsamples. The first subsample was subjected to the Exploratory Factor Analysis which yielded a two-factor solution explaining 71.02% of the variance. This model was subjected to the Confirmatory Factor Analysis using a second subsample. Acceptable model fit indices suggested factorial validity of the two-dimensional POSO-E among Indian teachers. In the second study, acceptable Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability estimates (greater than 0.70) indicated the scale's reliability. Also, as expected, personal optimism, self-efficacy optimism and overall optimism reported a positive correlation with spiritual well-being and a negative association with distress. It confirmed the criterion validity of the POSO-E among Indian teachers.

The results showed appreciable psychometric properties of the POSO-E in the context of Indian teachers. The study offered a valid and reliable scale to measure teachers' optimism levels. It is poised to generate renewed interest among scholars to emphasize teachers' positive and optimist thinking. The findings also reported a positive association between teachers' optimism and spiritual well-being. It suggests that spiritual practices and interventions could be used to develop an optimistic academic workforce.

The study is one of the pioneer studies that evaluated the reliability and validity of the POSO-E among Indian teachers.

Privacy preservation is a significant concern in Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled event-driven wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Low energy utilization in the event-driven system is essential if events do not happen. When events occur, IoT-enabled sensor network is required to deal with enormous traffic from the concentration of demand data delivery. This paper aims to explore an effective framework for safeguarding privacy at source in event-driven WSNs.

This paper discusses three algorithms in IoT-enabled event-driven WSNs: source location privacy for event detection (SLP_ED), chessboard alteration pattern (SLP_ED_CBA) and grid-based source location privacy (GB_SLP). Performance evaluation is done using simulation results and security analysis of the proposed scheme.

The sensors observe bound events or sensitive items within the network area in the field of interest. The open wireless channel lets an opponent search traffic designs, trace back and reach the start node or the event-detecting node. SLP_ED and SLP_ED_CBA provide better safety level results than dynamic shortest path scheme and energy-efficient source location privacy protection schemes. This paper discusses security analysis for the GB_SLP. Comparative analysis shows that the proposed scheme is more efficient on safety level than existing techniques.

The authors develop the privacy protection scheme in IoT-enabled event-driven WSNs. There are two categories of occurrences: nominal events and critical events. The choice of the route from source to sink relies on the two types of events: nominal or critical; the privacy level required for an event; and the energy consumption needed for the event. In addition, phantom node selection scheme is designed for source location privacy.

The study examined the relationship between workplace toxicity and turnover intentions among Indian healthcare employees. It also explored the role of gratitude as a moderator in the workplace toxicity–turnover intentions relationship.

The study is based on a cross-sectional research design. The sample comprises 315 employees from the Indian healthcare sector. Approximately, 400 employees are approached both through email and office visits. Responses were received from 336 participants, and 21 incomplete questionnaires were discarded. The relationships between four variables of workplace toxicity and turnover intentions are examined using correlation and hierarchical regression. The moderation effect of gratitude is studied using the PROCESS macro in SPSS 21.

The results revealed that workplace toxicity could explain 45.8% variations in employees' turnover intentions. It also reported significant negative regression coefficients between all four dimensions of workplace toxicity and turnover intentions. It suggested that toxic health organizations may promote turnover intentions among healthcare employees. Also, findings recommended a significant moderating effect of gratitude amid the relationships of four dimensions of workplace toxicity and turnover intentions.

Hospital administrators must ensure that health professionals have the necessary support to remain effective in the field by providing a conducive working environment emerging from sound human resource practices that promote respect, collegial relationships, teamwork and collaboration. The present research demonstrates gratitude as one such factor that could act as a catalyst within the workplace. Practitioners could achieve a healthy work environment by developing complementary relief measures that build organizational capacities and improve its culture while sponsoring programs for individual employees that instill positivity through awareness of gratitude in everyday life.

This study offered a comprehensive understanding of workplace toxicity by investigating its four dimensions. Also, it is one of the pioneer studies that evaluate the role of gratitude in restricting workplace toxicity-induced turnover intentions.

Scholars for long have been interested in finding effective ways to assess organizational effectiveness. However, lack of consensus on its definition, and consequently on measure parameters has dogged researchers, almost to the point that some academics have declared organizational effectiveness a subject that cannot be researched. The purpose of this paper is to present a unified model of organizational effectiveness by recognizing the underlying synergy in the body of research – a framework that could guide future research on organizational effectiveness as a comprehensive, but contextual paradigm.

This paper is based on extensive exploratory review and critique of extant literature on organizational effectiveness.

The lack of consensus among scholars on the meaning of organizational effectiveness and its measures is primarily the result of compartmentalized perspectives. The authors found that there is an underlying synergy among them. Basis a big picture review and analysis of extant literature, the authors have been able to identify a unifying framework for the apparently disparate and conflicting models of organizational effectiveness.

This paper can provide guidance to managers on appropriate selection of organizational effectiveness measures, and to scholars on developing a more holistic and pragmatic research approach on the subject. It can potentially lead to development of context-based scales that facilitate meaningful comparative studies.

This paper presents a unified model and framework for organizational effectiveness by building on the valuable but disparate contributions of previous researchers. The authors believe that this is a novel attempt that simplifies the discourse on organizational effectiveness, and will help to remove some of the negativity around the research subject.

This case aims to enhance students’ scholarship and understanding of performance management systems with respect to the formulation of key performance indicators (KPIs). Specifically, working through this case and the assignment questions, students will be able to:▪ critically analyse process-based and outcome-based performance indicators;▪ recommend the right mix of process- and the outcome-based KPIs;▪ apply the specific, measurable, aligned, realistic and time-bound (SMART) framework to the KPIs;▪ create SMART KPIs; and▪ propose when to involve team members in decision-making.

The Director of the Centre for Learning and Innovative Pedagogies (CLIP), Dr Tanushree Sharma, was in for a surprise when the Dean and the Advisor to the school expressed their dissatisfaction with her approach to framing performance indicators for the management of the Centre.

They categorically advised her to change her process-based orientation to an outcome-based one and create tangible ground-level outcomes. Their feedback made her realize why, in spite of having rolled out several initiatives, the Centre was struggling to demonstrate its impact on student learning and faculty development. It dawned on her that the Centre’s inability to showcase a tangible impact on the school could mar the collective hard toil of the team.

Accepting the feedback and recognizing the merit of designing outcome-based SMART performance indicators, she started working towards them. Although she was able to conceptualize a broad framework, she was uncertain about whether to include only outcome-based KPIs. She was also unsure whether to unilaterally create and assign the key responsibility areas (KRAs) and KPIs or co-create them with her team members. A confluence of factors weighed heavily on her mind – the pressure of limited time, remote working because of the pandemic, moderately experienced team members, voluntary team membership, lack of positional power and her limited organizational influence. With less than a month to the proposal submission, she had no time to waste.

The case is suitable for courses on performance management systems, human resources and leadership; however, it is particularly relevant to framing KRAs and KPIs, developing outcome-based KPIs and applying the SMART framework to developing KPIs. It can be used in both postgraduate and undergraduate programmes at business schools.

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

CSS 6: Human Resource Management.

A problem concerning with the reflection and transmission of micropolar elastic plane waves at an imperfect interface between two homogeneous, isotropic micropolar elastic half‐spaces of different micropolar elastic properties has been investigated. The expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients which are the ratios of the amplitudes of reflected and transmitted waves to the amplitude of incident waves are obtained for an imperfect boundary and deduced for normal couple stiffness, transverse couple stiffness, transverse force stiffness and welded contact. Numerical calculations have been performed for amplitude ratios of various reflected and transmitted waves. The variations of amplitude ratios with angle of incident wave have been depicted graphically. Some special cases have also been deduced from the present investigation. It is found that the amplitude ratios of reflected and transmitted waves are affected by the stiffness and micropolarity of the media.

The paper's aim is to investigate a two‐dimensional deformation of homogeneous, anisotropic generalized thermoelastic diffusion as a result of an inclined load by applying Laplace and Fourier transforms. The inclined load is assumed to be a linear combination of a normal load and a tangential load.

As an application, concentrated and distributed loads have been taken to illustrate the utility of the approach. The transformed solutions are inverted numerically, using a numerical inversion technique.

The variations of normal displacement, temperature distribution and chemical potential distribution due to different sources for different angle of inclinations with distance have been shown graphically to depict the effect of diffusion and anisotropy. A special case is also deduced from the present investigation.

It can contribute to the theoretical consideration of the seismic and volcanic sources since it can account for the deformation fields in the entire volume surrounding the sources region.

The purpose of this paper is to depict the effect of time and thermal and diffusion phase-lags due to axisymmetric heat supply in a ring. The problem is discussed within the context of dual-phase-lag heat transfer and dual-phase-lag diffusion models. The upper and lower surfaces of the ring are traction free and subjected to an axisymmetric heat supply.

The solution is found by using Laplace and Hankel transform technique and a direct approach without the use of potential functions. The analytical expressions of displacements, stresses and chemical potential, temperature and mass concentration are computed in transformed domain. Numerical inversion technique has been applied to obtain the results in the physical domain. Numerically simulated results are depicted graphically. The effect of time and diffusion and thermal phase-lags are shown on the various components. Some particular cases of result are also deduced from the present investigation.

It is observed that change in time changes the behaviour of deformations of the various components of stresses, displacements, chemical potential function, temperature change and mass concentration. The authors find that for t=0.2, trends are oscillatory in all the cases whereas for t=0.1, trends are quite different. A sound impact of diffusion and thermal phase-lags on the various quantities is observed. A lot of difference in the trends of single phase lag and dual phase lag is observed. The use of diffusion phase-lags in the equation of mass diffusion gives a more realistic model of thermoelastic diffusion media as it allows a delayed response between the relative mass flux vector and the potential gradient.

This problem is totally new because dual phase lag is applied in heat conduction and diffusion equation while considering the problem of plate in axisymmetric heat supply.