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The purpose of this paper is to find out the possible gaps in the Sharīʿah governance, and suggest how to fill the same, in line with the principles of Islamic finance and the global developments regarding social and value-based financial intermediation.

The paper uses secondary data gathered through analysis of documents and regulations to portray the current Sharīʿah governance framework and to suggest a unique paradigm to be adopted by the regulators of Islamic financial institutions.

The paradigm encompassing value-oriented financial ecosystem would need a comprehensive set of discipline, accountability and governance for making the pursuit of sustainable development goals and corporate social responsibilities effective in a well-defined schedule prepared and implemented by the regulators.

The scope of this research is limited to theory building in the light of emerging trends in responsible and social finance. It is not to empirically test the impact of the governance framework in terms of social justice, corporate responsibility and sustainability.

It would help the policy makers, regulators, researchers and the practitioners in finance to align banking and finance with social and environmental responsibility, and equity through governance and accountability for realizing the sustainable development goals.

It links the regulatory approaches to the emerging paradigm and ecosystem comprising sustainability and value-based governance, awareness and corporate social responsibility.

The paper adds value to the current regulatory frameworks enabling the Islamic financial institutions to realize the economic, social and sustainability objectives, in addition to Shariah legitimacy and enhanced credibility.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the novel aspects of activation energy in the nonlinearly convective flow of Walter-B nanofluid in view of Cattaneo–Christov double-diffusion model over a permeable stretched sheet. Features of nonlinear thermal radiation, dual stratification, non-uniform heat generation/absorption, MHD and binary chemical reaction are also evaluated for present flow problem. Walter-B nanomaterial model is employed to describe the significant slip mechanism of Brownian and thermophoresis diffusions. Generalized Fourier’s and Fick’s laws are examined through Cattaneo–Christov double-diffusion model. Modified Arrhenius formula for activation energy is also implemented.

Several techniques are employed for solving nonlinear differential equations. The authors have used a homotopy technique (HAM) for our nonlinear problem to get convergent solutions. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is a semi-analytical technique to solve nonlinear coupled ordinary/partial differential equations. The capability of the HAM to naturally display convergence of the series solution is unusual in analytical and semi-analytic approaches to nonlinear partial differential equations. This analytical method has the following great advantages over other techniques:

• It provides a series solution without depending upon small/large physical parameters and applicable for not only weakly but also strongly nonlinear problems.

• It guarantees the convergence of series solutions for nonlinear problems.

• It provides us a great choice to select the base function of the required solution and the corresponding auxiliary linear operator of the homotopy.

It provides a series solution without depending upon small/large physical parameters and applicable for not only weakly but also strongly nonlinear problems.

It guarantees the convergence of series solutions for nonlinear problems.

It provides us a great choice to select the base function of the required solution and the corresponding auxiliary linear operator of the homotopy.

Brief mathematical description of HAM technique (Liao, 2012; Mabood et al., 2016) is as follows. For a general nonlinear equation:

where N denotes a nonlinear operator, x the independent variables and u(x) is an unknown function, respectively. By means of generalizing the traditional homotopy method, Liao (1992) creates the so-called zero-order deformation equation:

here q∈[0, 1] is the embedding parameter, H(x) ≠ 0 is an auxiliary function, h(≠ 0) is a nonzero parameter, L is an auxiliary linear operator, u_o(x) is an initial guess of u(x) and u ˆ ( x ; q ) is an unknown function, respectively. It is significant that one has great freedom to choose auxiliary things in HAM. Noticeably, when q=0 and q=1, following holds:

Expanding u ˆ ( x ; q ) in Taylor series with respect to (q), we have:

If the initial guess, the auxiliary linear operator, the auxiliary h and the auxiliary function are selected properly, then the series (4) converges at q=1, then we have:

By defining a vector u → = ( u o ( x ) , u 1 ( x ) , u 2 ( x ) , … , u n ( x ) ) , and differentiating Equation (2) m-times with respect to (q) and then setting q=0, we obtain the mth-order deformation equation:

where:

Applying L⁻¹ on both sides of Equation (6), we get:

In this way, we obtain u_m for m ⩾ 1, at mth-order, we have:

It is evident from obtained results that the nanoparticle concentration field is directly proportional to the chemical reaction with activation energy. Additionally, both temperature and concentration distributions are declining functions of thermal and solutal stratification parameters (P₁) and (P₂), respectively. Moreover, temperature Θ(Ω₁) enhances for greater values of Brownian motion parameter (N_b), non-uniform heat source/sink parameter (B₁) and thermophoresis factor (N_t). Reverse behavior of concentration ϒ(Ω₁) field is remarked in view of (N_b) and (N_t). Graphs and tables are also constructed to analyze the effect of different flow parameters on skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, Sherwood numbers, velocity, temperature and concentration fields.

The novelty of the present problem is to inspect the Arrhenius activation energy phenomena for viscoelastic Walter-B nanofluid model with additional features of nonlinear thermal radiation, non-uniform heat generation/absorption, nonlinear mixed convection, thermal and solutal stratification. The novel aspect of binary chemical reaction is analyzed to characterize the impact of activation energy in the presence of Cattaneo–Christov double-diffusion model. The mathematical model of Buongiorno is employed to incorporate Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects due to nanoparticles.

The unique institution of waqf that was ignored during the colonization of the Muslim areas has to be revived to play its role in shared growth, social inclusion and cohesion in society. This research paper aims to explore the role of waqf as an instrument for a sustainable growth system and to suggest a model for socioeconomic development in an economy like that of Pakistan.

This qualitative research is based on analytical methods to arrive at the frameworks and a model that could facilitate the revival of waqf for community development/social inclusion in economies like that of Pakistan.

As most of the OIC member states like Pakistan are facing serious financial problems due to debt servicing obligations, promoting Waqf for various socioeconomic and cultural functions is a vital requirement for such economies. The inability of the state institutions in providing necessary civic, health and education facilities to the public is causing serious harm to the balance of the society. It requires promoting a formal system of charity and using FinTech for waqf-based donations and financing the micro businesses. The perpetuity complimented by the profitability of the waqf properties makes the waqf institutions sustainable and effective when compared to individual charities.

This is conceptual research discussing the potential of waqf in light of its historical role. Researchers may undertake empirical studies on awqaf operations in various jurisdictions and their role in the empowerment of the poor.

The research will provide the researchers with insight into the potential of waqf as a tool for community development. Besides, it will enable policymakers and implementation authorities to socialize charity for sustained benefits and welfare.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first major research that discusses the role of waqf in economies facing budgetary and trade deficits in the eradication of poverty and the promotion of social and economic entrepreneurship in realizing the community development targets for the economies like that of Pakistan.

The study examines the impacts of debt financing on infrastructure development, investment, creation of new business entities, subsidies to private sector and GDP growth.

The methodology is based on five simultaneous equations which have been estimated through panel least square.

The most important conclusion of this study is the significant role of sovereign bonds in determination of subsidies to private sector. The role of domestic credit is important in South Asian context because of its significant role in creation of new businesses.

This study supports the enhancement in credit financing to private sector for creation of new business activities in the economy.

The improvement in liquidity position by enhancing domestic credit facilities may ensure the sustainability and continuity of business activities. Such activities may improve GDP growth in future.

The most important aspect of the study is to identify the role of debt financing in subsidies and creation of new businesses which are important elements of social economics.

Usually the impacts of sovereign bonds and external debts on infrastructure development and GDP growth are examined. But, to relate these debts to creation of business entities and subsidies is a new dimension.

This article examines the effects of credit to private sector on the business and trade activities. The effectiveness of rapid expansion in public and private borrowing through state's intervention after COVID-19 pandemic has been assessed in this study.

The model to determine the role of credit expansion is based on four equations estimated through panel least square technique on 18 years data of 186 countries.

It is concluded that credit to private sector and external debt improve the investment in infrastructure, which is a significant determinant of gross domestic product growth. Empirical evidences corroborate that higher number of firms using banks to finance their investment and the volume of broad money determine the magnitude of credit to private sector.

This study explores some new evidences and aspects of the credit financing which have not been discussed in this way before.

The purpose of this paper is to examine outcome of activation energy in rotating flow of an Oldroyd-B nano liquid.

Flow is generated due to stretched surface. Binary chemical reaction is studied. Brownian and thermophoresis effects are considered. The system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is derived. Convergent series solutions are obtained by homotopy analysis method. The resulting expressions for velocities, temperature and concentration are computed for different embedded parameters.

It is found that velocities f′ and g  have decreasing effect when rotation parameter is enhanced. Brownian and thermophoresis are increasing functions of temperature and concentration. The physical quantities are sketched and discussed numerically. Concentration and temperature fields show decreasing behavior via Brownian and thermophoresis parameters.

Authors investigate the Rotating flow of Oldroyd-B nano fluid with chemical reactions. This work is not done yet in literature.

The purpose of this study is to study flow caused by rotating frame. Effects of Darcy–Forchheimer and porous medium are considered to study velocity field. Concentration field is discussed in presence of activation energy. Darcy–Forchheimer in a rotating frame is examined. Flow because of stretched sheet fills the porous space. Binary chemical reaction is entertained. Resulting system is numerically solved. The plots are arranged for rotational parameter, porosity parameter, coefficients of inertia, Prandtl number and Schmidt number. It is revealed that rotation on velocity has opposite effects when compared with temperature and concentration distributions. Skin friction coefficients and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are numerically discussed.

Darcy–Forchheimer in a rotating frame is examined. Flow because of stretched sheet fills the porous space. Binary chemical reaction is entertained. Resulting system is numerically solved. The plots are arranged for rotational parameter, porosity parameter, coefficients of inertia, Prandtl number and Schmidt number. It is revealed that rotation on velocity has opposite effects when compared with temperature and concentration distributions. Skin friction coefficients and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are numerically discussed.

The major findings here are as follows: an addition in porosity λ causes decay in velocity f′(η) while there is opposite behavior for temperature θ(η) and concentration ϕ(η) fields. θ and ϕ via β have similar results qualitatively. There is an opposite behavior of Pr on temperature and concentration. Inverse behavior of λ on ϕ and wall mass flux is noted. Concentration ϕ is decreasing function of reaction rate constant σ. Skin friction coefficient has similar qualitative results for λ and β. Temperature gradient −θ^′(0) is decreased by λ and β.

Here, the authors are interested to investigate rotating flow in a porous space. Dissipation and radiation effects are neglected. Effects of activation energy are studied. This work is not done yet in literature.

Short-term motivation encompasses specific, challenging and attainable goals that develop in the limited timespan. On the other hand, long-term motivation indicates a sort of continuing commitment that is required to complete assigned task. As short-term motivational problems span for a limited period of time, such as a session, therefore, they need to be addressed in real time to keep the learner engaged in the learning process. Similarly, long-term learners’ motivation plays an equally important role to retain the learner in the long run and minimize the risk of dropout. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to incorporate a comprehensive learner motivation model that is based on short-term and long-term aspects of the learners' motivation. This approach enables Web-based educational systems to identify the real-time motivational state of the learner and provide personalized interventions to keep the learners engaged in learning process.

Recent research regarding personalized Web-based educational systems demonstrates learner’s motivation to be an essential component of the learning model. This is because of the fact that low motivation results in either students’ less engagement or complete drop out from the learning activities. A learner motivation model is considered to be a set of perceptions and beliefs that the system has developed about a learner. This includes both short-term and long-term motivations of leaners.

This study proposed a framework of a domain independent learners’ motivation model based on firm educational theories. The proposed framework consists of two modules. The primary module deals with real-time identification of motivation and logging off activities such as login, forum participation and adherence to assessment deadline. Secondary module maintains the profile of leaners associated with both short-term and long-term motivation. A study was conducted to verify the impact of learners’ motivation model and personalized interventional strategies based on proposed model, using Systematical Information Education Method assessment standards. The results show an increase in motivational index and the characteristics associated with motivation during the conducted study.

Motivational diagnosis is important for both traditional classrooms and Web-based education systems. It is one of the major elements that contribute in the success of the learning process. However, dropout rate among online students is very high, which leads to incorporate motivational elements in more personalized way because motivated students will retain the course until they successfully complete it. Hence, identifying learner’s motivation, updating learners’ motivation model based on this identification and providing personalized interventions are the key for the success of Web-based educational systems.

The purpose of this paper is to construct mathematical model for squeezed flow of carbon-water nanofluid between parallel disks considering Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes is estimated through the well-known Xue model. Such research work is not carried out in the past even in the absence of Darcy–Forchheimer porous space. Forchheimer equation is preferred here to account for both low and high velocity inertial effects. Researchers also found that dispersion of carbon nanotubes in water elevates the thermal conductivity of resulting nanofluid by 100 per cent.

Homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used for the convergent series solutions of the governing system.

Nusselt number at the lower disk increases when squeezing parameter Sq enlarges. This illustrates that heat transfer rate at the lower wall can be enhanced by increasing the squeezing velocity of the lower disk. The results demonstrate a decreasing trend in temperature profile for increasing volume fraction of carbon nanotubes. Moreover, improvement in heat transfer rate because of existence of carbon nanotubes is also apparent. A significant enhancement in temperature profile is depicted when inertial permeability coefficient is enhanced. Skin friction coefficients at the lower and upper disks are higher for MWCNTs in comparison to the SWCNTs.

To the best of author’s knowledge, no such consideration has been given in the literature yet.

In the garment industry, web lace fabric material must be tensioned and placed at the right position and orientation prior to the cutting process. In order to avoid a bottleneck, the speed of material handling must be relatively fast compared to the laser cutting speed so that the use of a laser for rapid prototyping of two‐dimensional (2D) cutting shapes is feasible. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a novel gripping system for handling flexible web materials.

The manner in which this intelligent material handling system operates will be discussed in this paper. This includes its system configuration, errors that may occur during the web handling operation, and sequential operations of web distortion control. The material handling system uses a machine vision system coupled with a self‐tuning motion control strategy to assist the material handling system in controlling the web tension, adjusting the web deformation parameters and transporting the web materials.

The online image analysis and a novel mechanical design concept, coupled with the motion controller, are the key issues in the mechatronic integration of this intelligent web‐based material handling system.

The paper presents a novel approach to designing and realizing an intelligent gripping system, which has not previously been attempted.