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Knowing the behavior of tourists visiting cultural destinations enables better management of tourist flows, a better understanding of areas with greater tourist density and an opportunity to decongest popular neighborhoods. The purpose of this study is to segment tourists according to their spatio-temporal behavior and identify the primary variables that characterize the resulting segments, which will help urban destinations prevent problems arising from the saturation of tourists in certain areas.

To do this, this paper analyzes the behavior of tourists visiting the southeastern Spanish city of Granada, one of the most highly visited cultural tourism destinations. The data analysis used the methodology of sequence alignment which is used to identify segments as a function of their contained elements and the order in which these appear.

The results demonstrate the existence of three segments with different behavioral patterns: the “explorer tourists” segment, the “non-traditional cultural tourists” segments and the “typical cultural tourists” segment. These segments show differences in the concentration of their visits. This study discovered that the segments that visit a greater number of destination areas are those with less cultural orientation, higher travel budgets and younger and more frequent visitors.

In the segmentation not only keep in mind the visited areas, but the order in which they were visited as well. In addition, one should consider the time that each tourist remains in each relevant zone of the destination, given that the visiting time is an important variable to assess the congestion of an area.

The purpose of this study is to identify the core responsible leadership (RL) practices that are most relevant to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) restaurants. Furthermore, the authors adapt scales to measure these practices and conduct a pilot study to evaluate their impact on business performance in such establishments.

Exploratory sequential mixed methods are used to fulfill the research aims. In the first phase, a set of definitions and practices associated with RL are derived from a systematic literature review. Second, a projective method of data collection is applied, involving a panel of 16 experts. Third, a fuzzy cognitive map is developed, which captures the responses of 40 owners or general managers of SME restaurants.

Twenty-five practices are identified from the systematic literature review. The results show the five leadership practices that match the order of importance assigned by the experts: societal orientation, ethics, stakeholder involvement, power-sharing and environmental orientation. The relevance of those five practices is validated to explain SME restaurants’ financial performance and innovation performance.

Innovation is the key to advancing business sustainability and resilience, and the results identify the specific RL practices that enable improvements to be made in innovation performance among SME restaurants.

This paper identifies the RL practices that are particularly relevant to the tourism field (specifically, the restaurant industry), offers measurement scales for those practices and provides empirical evidence of the relationship between these RL practices and business performance in SME restaurants.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of leadership styles in the hospitality industry. It also demonstrates theories used in hospitality leadership styles research, identifies the main outcomes and highlights gaps for future research.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the 79 articles on leadership styles in the hospitality context spanning over 13 years (2008–2020) and extends the scope in distinctive means.

This review has demonstrated that leadership styles research in hospitality has made progress in the past 13 years; however, there are conceptual and empirical overlaps among different leadership styles in hospitality. There is a lack of research on antecedents and integrating theories in studies. This review has revealed that several leadership styles have not been rigorously examined in hospitality research with their outcomes.

The search strategy used to find articles published in Web of Science about leadership styles in hospitality was restricted to title to boost the accuracy of the subsequent literature.

By following the guidance presented in this review, the authors expect to advance and maintain hospitality leadership research to provide substantive insights into the context of hospitality leadership over the coming years.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first to undertake a comprehensive understanding of various leadership styles in the hospitality context. This study provides a comprehensive projected research agenda to demonstrate theoretical discourses and empirical research. Overall, this critical review presents a holistic idea of the focus of the prior studies and what should be highlighted in future studies.

The overall tourist experience is changing because of the development of mobile devices, ubiquitous internet access and applications (apps) designed specifically for tourism. The aim of this study is to identify the determinants of continued use and recommendation of such apps (loyalty), framed within the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model, considering innate user traits (innovativeness) and one of the principal attributes of mobile phones (portability).

The sample comprised 285 Spanish tourists who owned a smartphone and were using some kind of mobile app in connection with their stay.

The results show that the UTAUT2 model is effective in explaining loyalty toward tourism apps and that its variables mediate the effect of user and mobile device characteristics.

To ensure continued use of a tourism app, it should possess the following core attributes: deliver a positive cost–benefit trade-off, be fun to use, provide up-to-date and useful information and generate a degree of dependency in the user.

The present research is particularly relevant because of its focus on the use of apps during the stay, given that most of the extant literature centers on previous stages (such as service booking).

游客整体感受正在因为移动终端、全网覆盖网络、以及旅游APP应用的发展而改变着。本论文旨在找到对于移动APP持续使用和推荐行为的成因，本论文采用UTAUT2模型，考虑了用户本身的创新性特点，和移动手机其中一个核心特点（便捷携带性）。

研究样本为285名西班牙游客，他们均持有一部智能手机，并且在旅游途中使用过某种旅游APP。

研究结果表明UTAUT2模型在解释旅游APP忠诚度方面是有效的。此外，本论文还发现其模型变量是用户特性对移动终端特点作用的中介变量。

为了保证用户对旅游APP的持续使用，这个APP需要具体几点核心特点：性价比高；娱乐性；及时性；有用信息；对用户有依赖性。

本论文针对用户在旅游途中的APP使用进行了研究，这有别于之前大多数文献仅集中对旅游前期（比如服务预定）等方面的研究。

移动APP、忠诚度、旅游业、UTAUT2、游客行为

This research investigates the effect of accessibility to points of tourist interest (buffer) and direct and indirect spatial spillover effects of agglomeration economies on tourism industry revenues in Spain.

Data were collected from the Bureau van Dijk's (BvD) Orbis global database. The data were analysed using a spatial econometric model and the Cobb–Douglas production function.

This study reveals that hotels located inside the buffer zone of points of tourist interest achieve better economic outcomes than hotels located outside the buffer. Furthermore, the results show that there is a direct and indirect spatial spillover effect in the hotel industry.

The results provide valuable information for identifying areas where the agglomeration of hotels will produce a spillover effect on hotel revenue and the area of influence of location characteristics. This information is relevant for hotels already established in a destination or when seeking a location for a new hotel.

The results of this study can help city planners in influencing the distribution of hotels to fit desired patterns and improve an area's spatial beauty.

The paper provides insights into how investment, structural characteristics, reputation and location affect hotel revenue.

This paper aims to measure the relationship between online experiential marketing (during the purchasing process involving information search and booking) and offline experiential marketing (during the stay) with hotel brand equity. In addition, the study attempts to determine if there is a significant link between the online hotel experience and the subsequent offline hotel stay experience.

A self-report survey was conducted in a series of four-star hotels in Granada city. The questionnaire was focused on measuring online experience, offline experience and brand equity. For the analysis of the data, a structural equations model was developed.

The results suggest that the experience during the hotel stay, contrary to that of the online purchase process, has an influence on hotel brand equity. Nonetheless, the online experience has a significant impact on the hotel stay experience.

This study is of particular utility for hotel management given that, although it is a sector that for several years has integrated experiential marketing in its service strategy, there is little research analyzing the impact of such actions on the variables that are of interest to the hotel.

There are no hotel sector studies that have jointly analyzed the role of the online and offline tourist experience and its role in contributing to brand equity. Recognizing the previous notions will allow hotels to identify where to focus marketing efforts so as to increase brand equity.

Esta investigación pretende medir la relación existente entre el marketing experiencial online (durante el proceso de compra online) y offline (durante la estancia), con el capital de marca del sector hotelero. Además, busca identificar si existe relación significativa entre la experiencia online y la experiencia offline.

Se pasó un cuestionario autoadministrado a turistas alojados en hoteles de cuatro estrellas de la ciudad de Granada. El cuestionario medía la experiencia online, la experiencia offline y el capital de marca. Para el análisis de los datos se desarrolló un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales.

Los resultados indican que la experiencia vivida durante la estancia tiene influencia en el capital de marca, mientras que la experiencia durante la compra online no presenta relación con el capital de marca. Sin embargo, esta experiencia online tiene impacto en la experiencia vivida durante la estancia.

Este estudio es de particular utilidad para la gestión hotelera dado que, aunque el sector desde hace años ha integrado el marketing experiencial en su estrategia de servicio, pocas investigaciones analizan el impacto de dichas acciones sobre las variables que les interesan.

Dentro del sector hotelero no hay estudios que analicen conjuntamente el papel de la experiencia turística online y offline y su papel en la contribución al capital de marca. Este conocimiento permite determinar dónde enfocar los esfuerzos de marketing para aumentar el capital de marca.

The purpose of this paper is to validate market orientation (MO) and business results scales in an area of significant interest for the literature: namely, service firms of a small and micro‐scale in a market sharing many similarities with Latin America (cultural, social and economic), specifically the Spanish rural tourism market.

On the basis of a literature review covering works specializing in MO and its impact on the service sector, and in the characteristics of small‐ and micro‐sized service firms (SMSF), a qualitative and a quantitative study are carried out in Spain, at a national level.

The results validate the scales and identify that MO comprises the following dimensions: information‐gathering, dissemination of information, and response to the market. The validated business results scale includes economic/financial results and others of a more personal nature linked to the entrepreneur business owner.

The work provides knowledge regarding the activities undertaken by SMSF in the area of MO. Professionals from the small‐ and micro‐sized service sector can use this knowledge to plan and design market‐focussed actions that will lead to improved business performance.

The work validates MO and business results scales that have been widely studied throughout the literature but that leave a significant gap in the case of SMSF operating in Latin American countries. The business base in these countries comprises a large percentage of such small‐scale operations.

El objetivo de este trabajo es validar las escalas de orientación al mercado y de consecución de resultados empresariales en un ámbito de interés para la literatura como es el de las empresas de servicios de tamaño pequeño y micro en contexto próximos al de Iberoamérica, como es el sector del turismo rural en el ámbito español.

A partir de la revisión de la literatura especializada en orientación al mercado, su impacto en el sector servicios y en las características de las empresas de servicios pequeñas y micro, se lleva a cabo un estudio cualitativo y un estudio cuantitativo a nivel nacional en España.

Los resultados alcanzados permiten validar las escalas e identificar que la orientación al mercado queda integrada por las dimensiones de captación de información, diseminación de la información y respuesta hacia el mercado. Por otra parte, los resultados empresariales incluyen resultados económico‐financieros y otros de carácter personal vinculados al empresario.

Este trabajo aporta un mayor conocimiento en relación con las actividades que las empresas de servicios pequeñas y micro pueden llevar a cabo para orientarse al mercado. Este conocimiento puede ser utilizado por los profesionales del sector al planear y diseñar las acciones de mercado de sus empresas, conduciendo a un mayor desempeño de la actividad empresarial.

La orientación al mercado y sus efectos en empresas de servicios pequeñas y micro en un contexto próximo al iberoamericano como es el de España difiere con respecto a otros ámbitos de aplicación más generales. El conjunto de aspectos considerados en este trabajo, permiten llevar a cabo una adecuada aplicación empírica en esta área donde en la revisión de la literatura aparece una carencia de trabajos empíricos.