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In macroeconomics, the term recession is defined as a significant decadence in ordinary economic activity in a designated region. There are so many economic theories attempted to explain why and how the economy might fall off of its long-term growth trend and in to a period of short-term recession. Economists say there have been 33 recession in the United States since 1854 through 2018 in total. Since 1980, there have been four such periods of negative economic growth that were considered recession in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Production and flows of goods are directly influenced by the tariff; uses input–output analysis to estimate indirect effects on gross domestic product, exports and employment; and allows redirection of trade toward other producers. The ongoing trade war with similar trade conflicts in history, we reveal three major causes, with varying degrees of importance from both economic and political perspectives.

This study aims to assess mental health literacy (MHL) in the general population using six case vignettes related to depression, mania, psychosis, conversion disorder (CD), obsessive compulsion disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Each vignette had nine items related to MHL. The sample comprised 4,590 young adults conveniently selected from twin cities in Pakistan. Participants’ responses were converted into percentages and percentiles to find MHL levels.

The men had moderate MHL in depression and inadequate MHL in the remaining five illnesses. The women had adequate MHL in depression and moderate MHL in mania, psychosis, OCD and PTSD while inadequate in CD. Comparing item-wise understanding, the participants had an adequate understanding of identifying the illness, who could suffer and whether the illness was treatable. However, they struggled with naming the illness, knowing about it and how to treat and identify the person who can treat it.

The findings of this study are helpful for mental health professionals, policymakers and individuals who identify the target areas for engagement and improving MHL in the general population.

This study provides data about MHL related to six mental illnesses, unlike previous studies focusing on a few illnesses. This study recommends awareness sessions, community workshops and engaging social and electronic media for improving MHL and seeking help from relevant health professionals for mental illnesses instead of spiritual healers and witchcraft.