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The recent report for the Commission of the European Communities on current multilingual activities in the field of scientific and technical information and the 1977 conference on the same theme both included substantial sections on operational and experimental machine translation systems, and in its Plan of action the Commission announced its intention to introduce an operational machine translation system into its departments and to support research projects on machine translation. This revival of interest in machine translation may well have surprised many who have tended in recent years to dismiss it as one of the ‘great failures’ of scientific research. What has changed? What grounds are there now for optimism about machine translation? Or is it still a ‘utopian dream’ ? The aim of this review is to give a general picture of present activities which may help readers to reach their own conclusions. After a sketch of the historical background and general aims (section I), it describes operational and experimental machine translation systems of recent years (section II), it continues with descriptions of interactive (man‐machine) systems and machine‐assisted translation (section III), (and it concludes with a general survey of present problems and future possibilities section IV).

We use a combination of continuum and car-following models to explore the potential impact of speed-controls on (i) decreasing travel times at times of congested flow; and (ii) increasing the safety of motorway flow approaching the site of an accident.

States that status and prestige considerations play a significant part in shopping preferences for products, which, although they appear to have a direct utility, serve only as a means of displaying wealth and purchasing power. Examines the literature on the subject, looking at the conspicuous customer, for whom the cost of a purchase is only of real significance and not the product. Suggests, from the literature, that consumer behaviour and demand for status goods and services needs further investigation.

SUMMARY This report describes briefly the problem of fuel boiling in reheat manifolds and the special tests which were carried out to investigate it. In order to analyse the test results the concept of a fuel manifold flow number was used. During these tests the two common types of aviation turbine fuels were used and the conditions at the onset of boiling were established.

REHEAT systems for turbo‐jet engines employ variable area convergent nozzles, and modern developments have produced nozzles made up of a series of flaps or fingers, as shown in fig. 1. These flaps have to be supported against the internal gas load to maintain a given area. The turning moment on each flap is usually balanced by a single element through a mechanical linkage; the element may take the form of a rod in tension or a shaft in torsion. This note provides a theoretical study of the nature of this load. In addition, the concept of frictional forces is introduced and a method developed for calculating the forces prevailing in flight, provided that two constants are determined from sea level test results.

In this article the concept of a component flow number is developed and for a particular example good agreement is shown with an empirical expression. An expression is derived for the flow number of two components in series—this is confirmed by experimental evidence. A rapid computational method for a combined flow number is given and also a single change in a flow path and parallel flow paths are discussed. Conclusions are drawn concerning the dependence of flow number on the physical variables for single and multi‐component flow systems.

DESPITE the quite extensive literature on foam, the mechanism of its formation and decay does not appear to be widely appreciated. Most fundamental research has been orientated towards maximum foam in aqueous solutions, whereas the desire in aircraft engines is for minimum foam in oil ‘solutions’. Further, the numerical results obtained experimentally depend on the details of experimental procedure, which makes correlation of existing data very uncertain.

Intellectual humility and religious conviction are often posed as antagonistic binaries; the former associated with science, reason, inclusive universality, and liberal secularism, the latter with superstition, dogma, exclusive particularity, and rigid traditionalism. Despite popular images of white American evangelicals as the embodied antithesis of intellectual humility, responsiveness to facts, and openness to the other, this article demonstrates how evangelicals can and do practice intellectual humility in public life while simultaneously holding fast to particularistic religious convictions. Drawing on textual analysis and multi-site ethnographic data, it demonstrates how observed evangelical practices of transposable and segmented reflexivity map onto pluralist, domain-specific conceptualizations of intellectual humility in the philosophical and psychological literature. It further argues that the effective practice of intellectual humility in the interests of ethical democracy does not require religious actors to abandon particularistic religious reasons for universal secular ones. Rather, particularistic religious convictions can motivate effective practices of intellectual humility and thereby support democratic pluralism, inclusivity, and solidarity across difference. More broadly, it aims to challenge, or at least complicate, the widespread notion that increasing strength of religious conviction always moves in lockstep with increasing dogmatism, tribalism, and intellectual unreasonableness.

A survey of current work on database systems is presented. The area is divided into three main sectors: data models, data languages and support for database operations. Data models are presented as the link between the database and the real world. Languages range from formal algebraic languages to attempts to use a dialogue in English to formulate queries. The support includes hardware for content addressing, database machines and software techniques for optimizing and evaluating group expressions. Mathematical models are used to organize this support. Throughout there is a tutorial component and evaluation, which in both cases is related to the application of database ideas to documentation.